Death of Luca Pacioli the Father of Double Entry Bookkeeping June 19th 1517

Luca Pacioli, father of double entry book keeping.

Luca Pacioli was a mathematician, whose mathematical text book had a section on Venetian book-keeping.  It was published in 1494 although double entry booking keeping was probably being used earlier.  The accountancy is a 27-page section called “Particularis de computis et scriptus.  It is part of the compendious ‘Summa de Arithmetica, Geometrica, Portiona et Proportionali’.

It is the source of modern double entry accounting, which spread from Venice as it was the printing capital of Southern Europe.

The key discovery, reported by Luca Pacioli, was that every transaction had to have an entry in both a debit and credit account.  So if I lend you £10,000 then my account is debited by 10k and yours is credited by the same amount.  Fra Luca (he was a Franciscan Friar) would have it that the accountant could not go to bed until the ledgers balanced. That is, that all the credits and balances in all the ledgers balance.

Double entry bookkeeping has prevented numberless frauds, kept many businesses on the straight and narrow. But it is of course not proof against sophisticated fraud.

Assyrian Double Entry booking keeping?

The gypsum stone reliefs shown below on display in the British Museum show clerks recording booty plundered in the Assyrians’ wars.  The soldiers are bringing goods in to be counted.  In the first picture, the goods are severed skulls.  In the second are a wide range of booty.

In every scene like this, there are two scribes writing notes on clay tablets with styli.  They stand side by side.  I presume their role is to make sure the other man doesn’t cheat, rather than to facilitate double entry book keeping as such.  Assyrians paid their soldiers for each enemy soldier they killed, and the head was the proof. You will see a little pile of severed heads between the soldier and the scribes.

Assyrian scribes recording severed heads.. British Museum. Photo Kevin Flude

Assyrian scribes recording war booty. British Museum.  Photo Kevin Flude

Italians, Accountancy and London.

The earliest work on double entry in England was by Oldcastle in 1543.  There were a lot of Italian businessmen in Tudor London. Thomas Cromwell was friends, and indeed neighbours, with some. As a young man he was helped out by the head of one of the great Florentine Finance houses, Frescobaldi.  They had branches in Bruges and London, and were major financiers to the Kings of England. Thomas More lived among the colony of Merchants from Lucca. The business centre of London before the building of the Royal Exchange was in Lombard St, where the Lombardian bankers hung out. 

More on the British Museum in my post here

First Published on June 19th 2025

The London of Thomas More and Thomas Cromwell. The City of Wolf Hall Virtual Walk

Sunday 29th February 2021

The Walk creates a portrait of London in the early 16th Century. It has a particular emphasis on the life and times of Thomas Cromwell and Thomas More who feature in Wolf Hall, the novel by Hilary Mantel.

Listen to the Tour Podcast (6 min 55)

The Virtual Tour will start with a boat tour from Hampton Court, via Chelsea to the City, and then a Walk around the City.

More and Cromwell had much in common, both lawyers, commoners, who rose to be Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII and they both ended their career on the block at Tower Hill. But they found themselves on the other side of the gulf that suddenly opened with the religious ferment that accompanied Henry’s obsession with Anne Bolyen.

The Walk will include visits to the sites of More’s and Cromwell’s town houses and then walk through the market streets of Tudor London, to Cheapside and the Guildhall, St Pauls and outside the Walls to Smithfield where most of the religious executions took place. We visit Charter House where More took a break from the stress of public office, and whose Prior, Cromwell had hanged, drawn and quartered. We exit via the plaque pits, and finish off with a walk around the City Walls until we come to Tower Hill where both men ended their lives on the scaffold.

Saint or Sinner? What better place to ponder that question that the streets of Wolf Hall London?

To buy Tickets click here:

New Series of Archaeological Virtual Walks for London Walks

Painting of the Roman Forum of London from the air
Painting of the Roman Forum of London from the air

This is my schedule of Virtual Walks. One every Sunday at 6pm.

The Programme is:

 ​Sunday 25th October 2020 ​​The Archaeology and Culture of ​Roman London​  Virtual Walk. For more details click here. To buy Tickets click here:

​ Sunday 1st November 2020 ​ ​​The Decline and Fall of ​Dark Age London​ Archaeology Virtual Walk. ​For more details click here. To buy Tickets click here:

​ Sunday 8th November 2020 ​ ​ ​The Rebirth of Saxon London Archaeology Virtual Walk For more details click here. To buy Tickets click here:

​ Sunday 22nd November 2020 ​ ​ ​​Flower of Cities All – ​Medieval London​ History & Archaeology Virtual Walk​ For more details click here. To buy Tickets click here:

Sunday 29th November 2020. ​ ​ ​The London of Thomas More and Thomas Cromwell  Virtual Walk For more details click here. To buy Tickets click here:

​ Sunday 6th December 2020​​ The Financial City from Slavery t​o Hedge Fund  Virtual Walk For more details click here. To buy Tickets click here:

Sunday 13 th December 2020 Myths, Legends and the  Origins of London Archaeology Virtual Walk . For more details of this walk click here. To buy Tickets click here:

Bookings will be via Eventbrite and London Walks and links will be posted here.