The day began with the King and advisors sheltering in the Tower of London, as the rebels approached London. The King took 4 or 5 ships to Greenwich, to attend a parley with the rebels. The men of Kent descended from Blackheath on the South Side and those from Essex came to the River on the North side. The King’s advisors told him it was too dangerous to meet the rebels. So, he retreated to the Tower of London.

The Kentish rebels marched on Soutwark, opening the Marshelsea prison, and targeting properties in Southwark to ransack. They persuaded the Warden of London Bridge to let down the drawbridge and the rebels poured into the City of London. Outside the Aldgate (the home of Geoffrey Chaucer and his wife) rebels from Essex clamoured to be let into the City of London. Allies from inside the Walls, helped persuade the Warden of the Gate, William Tonge, to open it.

The rebels attacked and burnt St Johns of Jerusalem, the Knights’ Hospitalers monastery in Clerkenwell. The prior was Robert Hales, the Treasurer of England and on the list of people the rebels wanted executed for his part in imposing the Poll Tax; and running a system which used the law to keep the working class in subjection. The Fleet and Newgate Prison were attacked and prisoners released.

Prisons were a particular target because following the huge death rate in the Black Death of 1348, workers were legally required to work at pay rates predating the plague. With the shortage of labour, wages had gone up, and the ruling classes were using the legal system to stop workers benefitting from the shortage of labour. Punishment could include branding and imprisonment. This was still continuing 40 years after the Black Death!

Chaucer is an example of how the law was being used oppressively. He was accused of kidnapping a cook, Cecily Chaumpagne, from her rightful employer. It turns out that she was jointly accused with the poet of breaking the Statue of Labourers. So a cook and her new employer could be taken to the law for simply changing jobs. The ‘Peasants’ (who included not only agricultural workers, but also artisans, and even gentlemen) freed prisoners from unfair imprisonment. (see my post on this episode here)

On the 13th, the rebels also attacked the Temple, burning legal records, and attacked the magnificent Savoy Palace. This was the home of the Duke of Lancaster, the formidable John Of Gaunt, the real ruler of the country. Richard II was his nephew, and was 14 at the time. So the rebels did not blame him for the problems of the Government.

The problems included setbacks in the 100 Year War with France, as the gains of Edward III were progressively lost. In order to retrieve the situation, a series of taxes, particularly poll taxes, were levied. The rich paid the same as the poor. But the revolt only broke out when the Government realised that the 1381 tax was not bringing in so much money as the previous taxes. It became clear that a large number of tax payers had disappeared since the last tax. Commissioners were set out into Essex to find the arrears. They were attacked by the people, and the Revolt began.

John of Gaunt was in Scotland, and the King had no body of troops to impose order. in the evening with fires burning all around London, Rebels gathered outside the Tower of London. The King and his advisors were trapped inside. Rochester Castle had previously fallen to the Peasants, and so a plan was made to lure the rebels away, and allow the hated Robert Hales, and the Chancellor of England Archbishop Sudbury of Canterbury to escape.

What would the morning bring?

To be continued.

First published, in haste, on June 13th 2025

On 12th June 918, Myrcna hlædige, “Lady of the Mercians”, daughter of Alfred the Great, husband of Æthelred, Duke of Mercia died.  Queen Æthelflæd is one of those extraordinary women who, in a world prejudiced against women played a significant role in politics, ruled her country with a strong, wise hand.  The Anglo-Saxon chronicle says:

‘918 This year, Æthelflæd lady of the Mercians, with the help of God, before Laminas, conquered the town called Derby, with all that thereto belonged; and there were also slain four of her thanes, that were most dear to her, within the gates.

But very shortly after they had become so, she died at Tamworth, twelve days before midsummer, the eighth year of her having rule and right lordship over the Mercians; and her body lies at Gloucester, within the east porch of St. Peter’s church.’

https://origin-rh.web.fordham.edu/halsall/source/911anglosaxonchronical-aethelflaed.asp

Her dad, Alfred found a way to defeat the Vikings.  One of his key decisions was to consolidate an alliance with the Middle Anglian Kingdom of Mercia.  Somehow, Æthelred, leader of the Mercians was persuaded to give up his claim to be the King. In exchange, he was married to Æthelflæd, Alfred’s daughter, and took the title of Duke of Mercia. But under the over-kingship of Alfred’s West Saxon Kingdom of Wessex.  Alfred renamed his Kingdom to ‘the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons’. This helped the Mercians (and other former independent Kingdoms) to feel they had been liberated from the Danes. And not conquered by the West Saxons.   When Æthelred died, Æthelflæd continued to rule Mercia under the Kingship of her brother, Edward. 

Burghs

Together, they developed Alfred’s strategy of consolidating control by the creation of Burghs or Boroughs.  These were defended townships,  often reusing Roman Walls, but also putting walls around new towns.  Or new walls around old towns.

Vikings were good at battle, not so good at sustaining long sieges. The burghs not only provided defence in depth, but also helped the economy with the revival of towns. These provided industrial and retail opportunities. Among the Boroughs created or restored were Tamworth, Warwick and Stafford.  But, perhaps more important, was the reuse of Chester, as a strategic centre. Just as it had been for the Romans, Chester was crucial to controlling Wales, the Midlands and the North. During Queen Æthelflæd’s time the defences were extended to the River Dee.

Defensive Circuit of Wallingford – essentially an earthen rampart. An Alfredian Burgh defending a ford across the River Thames. Photo: K Flude

Æthelflæd’s Legacy

In 917 invasions by three Viking armies failed as Æthelflæd sent an army which captured the crucial town of Derby and the territory around it. The town was one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw, together with Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham and Stamford. Derby was the first to fall to the English; she lost “four of her thegns who were dear to her” in the battle

Queen Æthelflæd was “renowned as a competent war-leader”. The victory at Derby led to the East Anglian Danes submitting to Edward. And York, controlled by Vikings, offered to pledge their loyalty to Æthelflæd but she died on 12 June 918.

(Last two paragraphs based heavily on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d

This fusion of Saxon and Anglian Kingdoms was the basis of the hugely successful and long-lived Kingdom of England. Athelstan, grandson of King Alfred, having defeated Northumbria. renamed the Kingdom, England. This Kingdom survived until it was absorbed into the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Or you could say it survives to the present day.

For more on Saxon England read my post of the Venerable Bede.

First Published on 12th June 2025.